Australia’s diverse and vast landscape is home to an incredible variety of wildlife, including an astonishing number of insect species. With its unique ecosystems ranging from arid deserts to lush rainforests, it's no surprise that Australia is a haven for insects. In fact, it's estimated that over 200,000 species of insects inhabit this continent, though only about 62,000 have been formally identified and named so far.

While many of these insects are harmless or even beneficial to the environment, some have the potential to cause quite a bit of discomfort through their bites. Whether you’re enjoying a hike through the bush, relaxing at the beach, or simply spending time in your garden, understanding which insects are responsible for those itchy bites can be key to preventing and treating them effectively.

In this blog, we’ll take a closer look at five common insects that are known for causing itchy bites in Australia.

1. Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are among the most common insects that cause itchy bites, especially in warmer months. These small, flying insects are found throughout Australia, particularly near water sources such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Female mosquitoes are the ones that bite, as they require blood to develop their eggs.

When a mosquito bites, it injects a small amount of saliva into the skin, which triggers an allergic reaction in many people. This reaction is what causes the characteristic itching, swelling, and redness around the bite site. For some individuals, mosquito bites can lead to more severe allergic reactions or even transmit diseases such as Ross River virus and dengue fever.

2. Midges

Midges, often mistaken for mosquitoes, are tiny flying insects that can deliver a nasty bite. These insects are particularly common in coastal areas and around bodies of water. In Australia, midges are especially prevalent in regions such as Queensland, New South Wales, and the Northern Territory, where they thrive in the warm, humid climates near mangroves, estuaries, and tidal flats.

Australia is home to over 200 species of biting midges, with these small insects being a significant presence across the country. Interestingly, it’s only the female midges that bite, as they need to obtain blood to acquire the protein necessary for developing their eggs. Once they’ve fed, the females lay their eggs in various damp environments such as wet soil, decaying leaves, or muddy and sandy areas with vegetation.

Unlike mosquitoes, midges tend to be most active during the cooler parts of the day, such as early morning and late afternoon. Midge bites can be intensely itchy, and because these insects are so small, they often go unnoticed until after they’ve bitten. The bites typically result in small, red welts that can be quite irritating, especially if scratched.

3. Ticks

Ticks are another outdoor pest that can cause itchy bites, and they are particularly prevalent in bushland and grassy areas. These small, parasitic arachnids latch onto the skin of animals and humans, feeding on blood. Ticks are notorious not only for their itchy bites but also for the potential to transmit diseases.

In Australia, ticks are commonly found in various regions, particularly along the eastern coastline. Some of the areas where ticks are most prevalent include:

Eastern New South Wales: Particularly around the coastal areas, including Sydney's northern beaches.

Southeastern Queensland: Especially in the bushland and forested regions.

Victoria: In areas of dense vegetation, particularly in rural and semi-rural regions.

Tasmania: Found in both coastal and inland areas, particularly in bushland.

Western Australia: Although less common, some regions in the southwest have reported tick populations.

In eastern Australia, the paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus), also known as the grass tick, seed tick, or bush tick, is responsible for the majority of tick bites. When they bite, these ticks inject a substance that prevents the blood from clotting, which helps them feed more effectively. However, their saliva can contain toxins that are harmful to humans.

For some people, tick bites can trigger allergic reactions. In certain cases, particularly in children, tick bites can lead to a serious condition known as tick paralysis, where the toxins released by the tick affect the nervous system. Ticks can also transmit a number of illnesses to humans, including:

Australian tick typhus (Spotted Fever)
Lyme-like disease
Q fever
Rickettsial infections

Tick bites are often painless at first, but they can become itchy and irritated as the tick remains attached to the skin. It’s important not to squeeze, touch, or forcibly remove the tick, as this can cause it to inject more saliva, increasing the risk of a reaction or infection. Instead, the recommended method for removing a tick is to apply an ether-containing spray, which is designed to freeze and kill the tick. Once the tick is dead, it will eventually drop off on its own.

4. March flies

March flies, also known as horse flies, are notorious for their painful and itchy bites. These large, robust flies are typically found near water, such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands, but they can also be encountered in bushland and rural areas. In Australia, March flies are widespread and can be found in various regions, including:

Northern Queensland: Particularly in tropical and subtropical areas.

Northern Territory: Common in wetland regions and areas with abundant water sources.

Western Australia: Found in both coastal regions and inland areas, especially near rivers and lakes.

New South Wales: Often encountered in rural and bushland areas, particularly in the northern parts of the state.

Tasmania: Commonly found in coastal areas and near wetlands.

Unlike mosquitoes and midges, March flies are active during the day, making them a nuisance for anyone spending time outdoors. In tropical regions, they can remain active even during the drier winter months.

As with many biting insects, it is the female March flies that require a blood meal to obtain the protein needed to lay eggs. They are equipped with strong, piercing mouthparts that allow them to extract blood from their host. In contrast, male March flies do not bite and instead feed on nectar from plants.

Although March flies in Australia are not known to transmit diseases to humans, their bites can still pose a significant health risk. Some individuals may experience serious allergic reactions to March fly bites, which can sometimes require hospitalisation.

5. Sandflies

Sandflies are tiny, biting insects that are often mistaken for mosquitoes or even midges due to their small size and similar biting behaviour. Despite their size, sandflies can deliver a powerful bite that often results in intense itching and irritation. These insects are commonly found in coastal areas, near mangroves, and around wetlands, particularly during the early morning and late afternoon when they are most active.

Sandfly bites can cause more than just discomfort; they are also associated with certain allergic reactions and infections. The bites often lead to red, itchy welts that can be incredibly uncomfortable, especially if scratched, which can further irritate the skin and potentially lead to secondary infections.

In some cases, individuals may develop an allergic reaction known as “papular urticaria,” which is characterised by the appearance of itchy, red bumps that can persist for several days or weeks. Additionally, scratching the bites can introduce bacteria into the skin, increasing the risk of bacterial infections such as cellulitis.

Tips and natural methods to avoid insect bites

Preventing insect bites is essential, especially when spending time outdoors in areas where these pesky creatures are most active. Here are some natural methods and practical tips to help you and your family avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes, midges, March flies, and sandflies:

1. Wear protective clothing: Covering your skin is one of the simplest ways to reduce the risk of bites. Long sleeves, trousers, and closed shoes create a barrier between your skin and the insects. Light-coloured clothing is particularly effective, as it makes it harder for insects like mosquitoes and ticks to spot you. For small children, dressing them in long-sleeved onesies or lightweight, breathable fabrics can offer protection without overheating.

2. Use natural insect repellents: Opt for insect repellents made from natural ingredients, such as those containing essential oils like lemongrass, lemon tea tree, lavender, and eucalyptus. These oils are known for their insect-repelling properties and are gentle on the skin, making them suitable for regular use. For babies and small children, ensure the repellent is specifically formulated for sensitive skin and avoid applying it to their hands or face to prevent ingestion.

3. Avoid peak activity times: Many biting insects, such as mosquitoes and sandflies, are most active during dawn and dusk. Plan your outdoor activities to avoid these times. For small children, try to keep them indoors or in a screened area during these peak times.

4. Stay in breezy areas: Insects like mosquitoes and midges are not strong fliers and struggle in windy conditions. Spending time in breezy areas or using a fan can help keep these insects at bay. For infants, placing a portable fan near their pram or play area can provide additional protection.

5. Use mosquito nets and screens: When camping or sleeping outdoors, use mosquito nets to create a protective barrier around your sleeping area. Ensure that windows and doors are fitted with insect screens to keep pests out of your living spaces. For babies, mosquito nets over cots or prams are highly effective in keeping insects away.

6. Remove standing water: Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water, so it’s important to eliminate any standing water around your home or campsite. Regularly empty containers, clean bird baths, and ensure that gutters are free-flowing to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs. This is particularly important if you have small children playing in the garden, as it reduces the risk of mosquito bites.

7. Keep your skin cool and dry: Biting insects are often attracted to sweat and body heat. By keeping your skin cool and dry, you can make yourself less appealing to these pests. For small children, dress them in moisture-wicking clothing and keep them hydrated to help regulate their body temperature.

8. Burn citronella candles: Citronella is a well-known natural insect repellent. Burning citronella candles or using citronella oil in a diffuser can help create a bug-free zone in your outdoor space.

Using Good Riddance to naturally repel the insects

When it comes to protecting yourself from these pesky insects, Good Riddance insect repellents offer a reliable and natural solution. While some ingredients in Good Riddance can help protect against ticks and March flies, Good Riddance is clinically proven to be effective against mosquitoes, midges, and sandflies. Good Riddance provides two main varieties of the insect repellent creams: Tropical and Sensitive, each designed to offer effective protection while being kind to your skin.

The Tropical variety is ideal for high-risk areas and contains a potent blend of natural ingredients, including lemongrass and lemon tea tree essential oils. These essential oils are particularly effective at repelling mosquitoes, midges, and March flies due to their strong citrus scents, which mask the human scent that attracts these insects. Additionally, lemon tea tree oil has natural antiseptic properties, making it a powerful deterrent against biting insects.

The Sensitive variety is designed for those with sensitive skin, including children and individuals who may react to stronger repellents. This formula also uses natural ingredients and provides effective protection, while being gentle enough for regular use. The lavender essential oil in the Sensitive variety is particularly effective against sandflies, as its strong floral scent disrupts the insects' ability to locate their host. Additionally, lavender oil has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe the skin. This variety also includes lemongrass essential oil, which is a strong repellent for mosquitoes, midges, and March flies, thanks to its potent citrus aroma that deters these pests.

Both the Tropical and Sensitive varieties are completely DEET-free, making them an ideal choice for those who are concerned about the potential effects of DEET and are looking for natural alternatives. By using these DEET-free products, you can enjoy long-lasting protection against insect bites without worrying about the harsh chemicals often found in conventional repellents.

September 05 2024, by Tatianna Gerard 5 Insects That Cause Itchy Bites: How to Identify & Avoid Them