A persistent cough can be frustrating and, at times, concerning. But how do you know if it’s something serious like whooping cough or just a common condition like bronchitis? Both illnesses can cause prolonged coughing spells, yet they are vastly different in terms of causes, symptoms, and treatments. Misidentifying one for the other can delay proper care and increase the risk of complications.

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterial infection that can last for weeks or even months, while bronchitis is typically caused by a virus or long-term irritants like smoking. Understanding the differences between these two conditions is important, especially since whooping cough is often underdiagnosed in adults, potentially leading to its spread among vulnerable individuals, including infants.

In this blog, we’ll break down the key differences between whooping cough and bronchitis—covering their symptoms, causes, duration, and when to seek medical help. By the end, you’ll have a clear understanding of how to distinguish between the two and ensure timely and appropriate care.

Key facts about whooping cough

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. This illness primarily affects the respiratory system and is notorious for its prolonged, intense coughing fits. While often associated with children, whooping cough can affect individuals of all ages, though its severity tends to be greater in infants and the elderly.

Key symptoms

One of the hallmark features of whooping cough is the distinctive coughing spells that leave the individual gasping for air. In children, this is often followed by a high-pitched “whoop” sound as they inhale, which gives the condition its name. Adults, however, may not produce this sound, making the illness harder to recognise. Other symptoms include:

• Coughing fits: These episodes can last several minutes and may result in exhaustion or vomiting.

• Early signs: The initial symptoms, such as a runny nose, mild fever, and occasional cough, are easy to mistake for a common cold.

• Prolonged duration: The cough can persist for weeks or even months, which is why whooping cough is sometimes referred to as the “100-day cough.”

How it spreads

Whooping cough is highly contagious, spreading through tiny respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is particularly dangerous because individuals are most contagious in the early stages, often before the characteristic cough develops. This makes early identification and prevention critical to stopping the spread.

Impact on infants

Infants are especially vulnerable to severe complications, as their immune systems are not fully developed. For babies under six months, the coughing fits can be so severe that they struggle to breathe entirely, leading to hospitalisation. Tragically, whooping cough can sometimes result in life-threatening complications such as pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage.

Key facts about bronchitis

Bronchitis is a common respiratory condition that occurs when the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs, become inflamed. This inflammation can result in a persistent cough and other symptoms that vary depending on whether the bronchitis is acute or chronic. Unlike whooping cough, bronchitis is often linked to viral infections or long-term exposure to irritants like smoking or air pollution.

Types of bronchitis

Bronchitis can be classified into two main types:

1. Acute bronchitis:

This form is typically caused by a viral infection and is often associated with colds or the flu. Symptoms usually resolve within 1–3 weeks, although the cough may linger slightly longer. Acute bronchitis is temporary and doesn’t usually result in long-term complications.

2. Chronic bronchitis:

A more serious condition, chronic bronchitis is part of a group of lung diseases known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is characterised by repeated episodes of coughing that last for at least three months per year, often over several years. Chronic bronchitis is commonly caused by smoking or long-term exposure to environmental irritants.

Key symptoms

The symptoms of bronchitis can vary depending on its type but often include the following:

• Persistent cough
• Chest discomfort
• Fatigue and mild fever
• Wheezing or shortness of breath

In acute bronchitis, the cough and mucus production tend to improve within a few weeks, while in chronic bronchitis, these symptoms can persist or recur frequently.

How it develops

Acute bronchitis often follows a viral infection, such as the common cold or flu, when the virus spreads to the bronchial tubes. The infection triggers inflammation, leading to increased mucus production and coughing. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, develops over time due to prolonged exposure to harmful substances like cigarette smoke, dust, or chemical fumes. In some cases, chronic bronchitis may lead to more severe respiratory issues if untreated.

Contagiousness

Acute bronchitis can be contagious, particularly if it’s caused by a virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Chronic bronchitis, however, is not contagious since it is caused by long-term irritation rather than an infection.

Key differences between whooping cough and bronchitis

A persistent cough can be confusing, especially since many respiratory conditions share overlapping symptoms. Whooping cough and bronchitis are two such illnesses that can appear similar at first glance but are vastly different in terms of their causes, progression, and treatment. While whooping cough is a bacterial infection with a distinctive cough pattern, bronchitis can be viral or caused by irritants and often produces a productive cough.

To make these differences easier to understand, here’s a side-by-side comparison:

Knowing when to get help

A persistent cough, whether from whooping cough or bronchitis, should never be ignored, especially if it starts to interfere with daily life or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms. Knowing when to seek medical attention can make a significant difference in managing the condition and preventing complications.

1. For persistent symptoms

• If a cough lasts more than three weeks without signs of improvement, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Prolonged coughing may indicate an underlying condition, such as whooping cough, bronchitis, or another respiratory illness.

2. For severe symptoms

Seek medical care immediately if you or someone else experiences:

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Wheezing or a high-pitched sound when inhaling
• Vomiting due to severe coughing fits
• Bluish lips, face, or fingertips (a sign of low oxygen levels)
• High fever or chills that persist for several days
• Chest pain or tightness, which could indicate complications

3. For vulnerable individuals

• Infants, young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of severe complications from whooping cough or bronchitis. If someone in these groups develops a persistent cough, prompt medical attention is essential to prevent serious outcomes like pneumonia.

4. After exposure to whooping cough

• If you’ve been in close contact with someone diagnosed with whooping cough, particularly if you are unvaccinated or live with infants or elderly family members, consult a doctor for testing and possible preventive treatment.

5. For suspected whooping cough

• If your cough fits are intense and leave you gasping for air, or if you experience the characteristic “whoop” sound (more common in children), you should see a doctor promptly. Early testing and treatment are crucial to reduce the severity of the illness and prevent its spread.

6. For chronic conditions

• If you have a history of chronic bronchitis or COPD and notice worsening symptoms, such as increased mucus production, wheezing, or difficulty breathing, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider. These could indicate an exacerbation of your condition.

Treatment options for both illnesses

The treatment for a persistent cough depends on its underlying cause, whether it’s whooping cough or bronchitis. 

Treatment for whooping cough

Whooping cough requires targeted care, particularly in its early stages.

1. Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for whooping cough, especially in the first three weeks of infection. They help to eliminate the bacteria, reduce contagiousness, and prevent the illness from spreading to others. However, they may not significantly shorten the duration of symptoms once the disease has progressed.

Commonly prescribed antibiotics include azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin.

2. Supportive care:

Since the coughing fits can be severe, supportive care plays an important role in relieving symptoms:

• Stay hydrated with plenty of fluids to soothe the throat and prevent dehydration from vomiting.

• Use a humidifier to ease breathing, particularly at night.

• Rest as much as possible to help the body recover.

3. Hospitalisation for severe cases:

Infants and high-risk individuals may require hospitalisation, especially if they experience breathing difficulties, dehydration, or complications such as pneumonia.

Treatment for bronchitis

Bronchitis treatment varies depending on whether it is acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).

Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is typically viral, so antibiotics are rarely necessary. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms:

1. Over-the-counter medications:

• Pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, can reduce fever and ease discomfort.

• Cough suppressants may be used sparingly to improve sleep but are generally avoided during the day to allow mucus to clear from the lungs.

2. Home remedies:

• Stay hydrated to thin mucus, making it easier to expel.

• Use steam inhalation or a humidifier to alleviate congestion and soothe the airway.

• Avoid smoking or exposure to air pollutants.

Chronic bronchitis

For chronic bronchitis, which is often part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further damage:

1. Inhalers:

• Bronchodilators help open airways, improving breathing.

• Steroid inhalers can reduce inflammation in the bronchial tubes.

2. Pulmonary rehabilitation:

This includes breathing exercises, physical activity, and education to improve lung function and quality of life.

3. Lifestyle changes:

• Quitting smoking is critical for managing chronic bronchitis and slowing disease progression.

• Avoiding irritants, such as dust and fumes, is also important.

Mucus clearance devices

In addition to traditional remedies for bronchitis, using a mucus clearance device like AirPhysio can help expel mucus more effectively. AirPhysio is an Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) device that works by creating vibrations in your airways to loosen mucus, making it easier to cough up.

How to use it:

• Use the AirPhysio device twice daily or as needed, depending on the severity of your symptoms.

• Simply breathe into the device, and the gentle pressure and vibrations will help mobilise and clear mucus.

Choosing the right AirPhysio model:

• For individuals with more chronic conditions and low lung capacity, the AirPhysio Low Lung Capacity model offers lighter resistance, making it easier to use.

• For those with milder conditions and an average lung capacity, the AirPhysio Average Lung Capacity model provides standard resistance, suitable for more effective mucus clearance.

Read more: How to Choose the Right AirPhysio for You

This device is a practical and non-invasive way to manage mucus build-up, helping to relieve chest congestion and improve breathing. Paired with other home remedies, it can significantly enhance comfort and recovery.

Long-term management and prevention

Effectively managing and preventing respiratory illnesses like whooping cough and bronchitis requires a proactive approach to overall health and hygiene. 

1. Stay up-to-date on vaccinations

• Whooping cough vaccines: The dTpa vaccine for children and the booster for adults are essential in preventing whooping cough. Pregnant women should also get the booster during each pregnancy to protect their newborns.

• Seasonal flu vaccines: Since viral infections like the flu can lead to bronchitis, getting an annual flu shot can lower your risk of developing respiratory complications.

2. Practice good hygiene

Good hygiene habits not only protect you but also help prevent spreading illnesses to others:

• Wash your hands: Regular handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is a simple yet effective way to remove germs. Carry a hand sanitiser for moments when soap and water aren’t available.

• Cover coughs and sneezes: Always use a tissue or your elbow to cover your mouth and nose, preventing respiratory droplets from spreading. Additionally, wearing a face mask is an easy and effective way to stop germs and viruses from spreading to others, especially when coughing or sneezing. If you want added protection, especially in crowded places or high-risk areas, P2 masks filter airborne particles as small as 0.3 microns (like germs and bacteria) and offer more comprehensive protection for both the wearer and others.

3. Quit smoking and avoid irritants

For chronic conditions like bronchitis, quitting smoking is one of the most impactful steps you can take to improve your lung health and slow disease progression. Additionally, limit exposure to air pollutants, chemical fumes, and allergens, which can exacerbate symptoms and damage your respiratory system.

4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle

Building a strong immune system is key to preventing infections and managing chronic conditions. This includes eating a balanced diet that prioritises fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Regular exercise, especially activities like walking or swimming also helps maintain lung capacity and improve circulation.

5. Regular check-ups

For individuals with recurring bronchitis or underlying conditions like COPD, regular visits to a healthcare provider are essential. They can monitor your lung health, adjust treatments as needed, and provide early interventions to prevent complications.

Disclaimer

The content provided on this blog is for informational purposes only and is based on research conducted by our team using credible medical and relevant sources. While we strive to ensure the information is accurate and up-to-date, it should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health professional regarding any medical condition or concerns.

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Health & Wellbeing Respiratory Health Safety & Protection Tips